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Roy Morgan Business Confidence 2010-2021

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Averages
2021 120.5










120.5
2020 101.6 104.6 95.1 76.9 89.9 95.0 84.3 83.1 85.6 98.7 109.1 123.2 95.6
2019 105.9 105.6 106.7 102.9 114.4 114.7 114.0 114.3 110.6 106.0 108.4 104.5 109.0
2018 123.5 120.0 115.4 118.6 117.1 114.4 113.6 110.2 111.5 113.1 113.8 112.2 115.3
2017 116.8 111.4 113.8 116.6 113.8 111.8 117.0 114.4 113.2 112.7 114.1 117.4 114.4
2016 110.6 113.3 115.7 123.1 111.9 119.5 116.1 108.6 114.9 116.2 116.7 114.1 115.1
2015 114.9 105.7 112.4 105.1 114.7 114.8 112.3 102.6 112.8 119.3 118.7 114.5 112.3
2014 131.5 117.3 120.6 120.9 114.3 108.1 119.1 116.1 122.9 114.9 123.0 105.3 117.8
2013 122.5 123.8 122.9 120.0 113.8 112.7 117.3 119.6 134.3 136.3 131.1 125.2 123.3
2012 118.7 116.6 108.9 112.2 105.8 105.4 109.6 117.6 109.3 114.0 116.8 114.8 112.5
2011 132.9 129.5 130.5 128.2 119.5 107.8 99.8 101.8 108.1 112.6 115.7 117.2 117.0
2010










131.5 131.5













Monthly Averages 118.1 114.8 114.2 112.5 111.5 110.4 110.3 108.3 112.3 114.4 116.7 116.4 115.4
Roy Morgan Business Confidence Monthly Average (Dec. 2010-Present) 113.4


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 1,021










Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 38










Worse off 38










Question Difference 0










Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 50










Worse off 16










Question Difference 34










Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 62










Bad times 35










Question Difference 27










Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 57










Bad times 35










Question Difference 22










Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 53










Bad time to invest 33










Question Difference 20










Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 120.5










*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 923 991 885 1,191 1,749 1,366 1,380 1,320 1,375 1,266 1,296 1,586
Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 35 36 34 15 16 23 22 21 24 28 31 37
Worse off 38 35 40 65 65 59 56 60 54 54 46 40
Question Difference -3 1 -6 -50 -49 -36 -34 -39 -30 -26 -15 -3
Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 44 46 40 43 51 48 43 43 42 46 50 55
Worse off 17 21 29 28 19 21 24 26 26 19 16 12
Question Difference 27 25 11 15 32 27 19 17 16 27 34 43
Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 36 39 30 26 32 36 28 32 30 39 50 63
Bad times 56 55 63 73 65 61 71 66 68 58 47 34
Question Difference -20 -16 -33 -47 -33 -25 -43 -34 -38 -19 3 29
Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 44 50 45 37 45 46 35 38 36 46 47 56
Bad times 47 44 46 58 48 47 60 56 59 47 48 38
Question Difference -3 6 -1 -21 -3 -1 -25 -18 -23 -1 -1 18
Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 48 50 46 36 46 50 46 41 47 52 58 60
Bad time to invest 41 43 42 48 43 40 42 51 44 40 34 31
Question Difference 7 7 4 -12 3 10 4 -10 3 12 24 29
Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 101.6 104.6 95.1 76.9 89.9 95.0 84.3 83.1 85.6 98.7 109.1 123.2
*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2019 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 825 843 815 841 1,000 884 1,117 983 951 1,104 1,086 979
Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 39 40 42 37 36 38 39 33 34 40 39 41
Worse off 34 32 38 34 31 28 32 31 35 33 34 30
Question Difference 5 8 4 3 5 10 7 2 -1 7 5 11
Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 45 51 50 35 45 54 54 53 52 42 51 50
Worse off 25 24 24 22 16 14 20 15 18 20 21 20
Question Difference 20 27 26 13 29 40 34 38 34 22 30 30
Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 41 41 46 41 47 50 49 46 46 41 45 40
Bad times 51 53 49 48 41 40 43 45 48 52 51 57
Question Difference -10 -12 -3 -7 6 10 6 1 -2 -11 -6 -17
Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 49 46 44 43 52 52 52 54 51 44 46 42
Bad times 41 44 46 47 35 36 39 39 43 46 44 53
Question Difference 8 2 -2 -4 17 16 13 15 8 -2 2 -11
Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 47 45 50 48 51 41 49 53 53 50 49 48
Bad time to invest 41 42 41 39 36 43 39 38 39 36 38 39
Question Difference 6 3 9 9 15 -2 10 15 14 14 11 9
Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 105.9 105.6 106.7 102.9 114.4 114.7 114.0 114.3 110.6 106.0 108.4 104.5
*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2018 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 859 896 809 957 863 801 949 812 802 785 800 780
Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 45 42 39 52 41 44 41 40 38 41 42 37
Worse off 27 26 30 32 30 28 30 31 30 29 28 29
Question Difference 18 16 9 20 11 16 11 9 8 12 14 8
Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 53 43 51 59 47 47 48 45 45 45 51 44
Worse off 18 17 18 22 16 22 21 21 21 23 21 19
Question Difference 35 26 33 37 31 25 27 24 24 22 30 25
Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 59 53 52 52 54 54 49 47 49 52 49 48
Bad times 36 39 40 41 38 39 44 45 44 42 45 41
Question Difference 23 14 12 11 16 15 5 2 5 10 4 7
Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 56 56 49 52 52 50 51 50 51 49 52 49
Bad times 36 35 40 39 39 40 39 40 40 41 42 40
Question Difference 20 21 9 13 13 10 12 10 11 8 10 9
Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 55 56 51 51 53 47 51 48 48 51 50 51
Bad time to invest 33 33 37 39 39 41 38 42 38 37 39 39
Question Difference 22 23 14 12 14 6 13 6 10 14 11 12
Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 123.5 120.0 115.4 118.6 117.1 114.4 113.6 110.2 111.5 113.1 113.8 112.2
*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2017 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 1,012 958 995 1,211 950 892 991 855 869 919 857 899
Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 38 40 43 42 39 39 45 41 40 42 42 41
Worse off 28 31 29 29 33 30 28 32 36 29 28 28
Question Difference 10 9 14 13 6 9 17 9 4 13 14 13
Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 43 46 46 49 44 44 47 52 48 46 44 50
Worse off 16 17 20 20 23 19 20 18 20 23 20 20
Question Difference 27 29 26 29 21 25 27 34 28 23 24 30
Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 52 46 50 53 53 47 53 44 51 48 50 52
Bad times 40 47 46 40 41 46 41 47 43 46 44 43
Question Difference 12 -1 4 13 12 1 12 -3 8 2 6 9
Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 55 49 50 50 51 50 51 51 49 50 51 52
Bad times 35 42 42 39 40 43 42 38 41 40 41 40
Question Difference 20 7 8 11 11 7 9 13 8 10 10 12
Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 53 53 54 54 55 53 56 55 55 54 54 57
Bad time to invest 38 40 38 37 36 36 36 36 37 38 37 34
Question Difference 15 13 16 17 19 17 20 19 18 16 17 23
Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 116.8 111.4 113.8 116.6 113.8 111.8 117.0 114.4 113.2 112.7 114.1 117.4
*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2016 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 1,010 1,196 1,030 1,000 1,016 1,044 982 961 1,049 1,038 950 930
Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 27 36 36 41 33 36 38 33 38 36 40 40
Worse off 33 32 29 27 31 28 26 34 28 29 28 31
Question Difference -6 4 7 14 2 8 12 -1 10 7 12 9
Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 33 44 41 51 39 43 41 37 41 37 47 47
Worse off 22 16 18 13 18 15 19 20 20 17 17 20
Question Difference 11 28 23 38 21 28 22 17 21 20 30 27
Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 52 46 53 54 51 52 52 50 53 54 50 47
Bad times 48 46 42 38 42 41 41 45 43 39 43 47
Question Difference 4 0 11 16 9 11 11 5 10 15 7 0
Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 62 53 56 54 54 59 55 53 56 56 53 54
Bad times 38 39 36 32 38 32 36 38 37 35 39 38
Question Difference 24 14 20 22 16 27 19 15 19 21 14 16
Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 60 55 54 55 51 57 54 49 54 55 54 55
Bad time to invest 40 34 37 29 39 34 38 42 40 37 33 37
Question Difference 20 21 17 26 12 23 16 7 14 18 21 18
Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 110.6 113.3 115.7 123.1 111.9 119.5 116.1 108.6 114.9 116.2 116.7 114.1
*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2015 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 1,056 743 908 705 1,376 926 905 866 1,099 1,048 924 1,001
Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 28 27 28 22 27 30 35 25 29 30 29 29
Worse off 27 31 29 31 32 33 31 35 31 29 29 30
Question Difference 1 -4 -1 -9 -5 -3 4 -10 -2 1 0 -1
Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 32 29 31 29 34 34 39 29 34 36 37 34
Worse off 12 18 14 15 14 17 18 20 20 19 19 19
Question Difference 20 11 17 14 20 17 21 9 14 17 18 15
Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 59 54 57 51 60 60 51 50 57 63 63 55
Bad times 41 46 43 49 40 40 49 50 43 37 37 45
Question Difference 18 8 14 2 20 20 2 0 14 26 26 10
Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 63 57 61 56 62 61 60 56 62 66 65 64
Bad times 37 43 39 44 37 39 39 44 38 34 34 36
Question Difference 26 14 22 12 25 22 21 12 24 32 31 28
Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 54 49 55 53 57 59 57 51 57 60 59 60
Bad time to invest 45 50 45 47 43 41 43 49 43 40 41 40
Question Difference 9 -1 10 6 14 18 14 2 14 20 18 20
Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 114.9 105.7 112.4 105.1 114.7 114.8 112.3 102.6 112.8 119.3 118.7 114.5
*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2014 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 1,546 1,343 1,511 1,325 1,372 1,240 950 1,027 1,013 1,052 1,099 756
Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 33 28 33 30 30 25 27 27 28 27 27 25
Worse off 27 28 29 29 29 31 30 31 31 32 26 33
Question Difference 6 0 4 1 1 -6 -3 -4 -3 -5 1 -8
Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 47 40 38 42 37 35 37 32 38 33 37 34
Worse off 10 12 11 12 16 17 14 13 12 12 12 18
Question Difference 37 28 27 30 21 18 23 19 26 21 25 16
Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 71 61 62 64 57 54 64 61 67 62 66 53
Bad times 29 39 38 36 43 46 36 39 33 38 33 47
Question Difference 42 22 24 28 14 8 28 22 34 24 33 6
Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 72 62 64 65 64 58 67 64 68 65 66 54
Bad times 27 38 36 35 36 42 32 36 32 35 34 46
Question Difference 45 24 28 30 28 16 35 28 36 30 32 8
Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 64 56 60 58 54 52 57 57 61 52 62 52
Bad time to invest 36 44 40 42 46 48 43 43 39 48 38 48
Question Difference 28 12 20 16 8 4 14 14 22 4 24 4
Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 131.5 117.3 120.6 120.9 114.3 108.1 119.1 116.1 122.9 114.9 123.0 105.3
*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2013 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 2,761 2,943 2,755 2,793 3,052 2,863 2,681 3,188 2,787 2,922 1,624 1,841
Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 27 26 27 24 23 23 24 23
 28 28 30 29
Worse off 29 30 32 32 33 34 35 33 30 28 29 29
Question Difference -2 -4 -5 -8 -10 -11 -11 -10 -2 0 1 0
Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 39 38 38 36 34 35 40 38 47 44 43 43
Worse off 14 12 13 14 15 15 15 12 10 10 9 11
Question Difference 25 26 25 22 19 20 25 26 37 34 34 32
Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 67 67 66 66 59 58 62 65 75 77 72 66
Bad times 32 32 34 34 41 42 38 35 25 23 27 34
Question Difference 35 35 32 32 18 16 24 30 50 54 45 32
Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 70 73 73 72 68 67 69 70 77 80 75 69
Bad times 30 27 27 28 32 33 31 30 23 19 25 31
Question Difference 40 46 46 44 36 34 38 40 54 61 50 38
Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 57 58 58 55 53 52 55 56 66 66 63 62
Bad time to invest 43 42 42 45 47 48 45 44 34 34 37 38
Question Difference 14 16 16 10 6 4 10 12 32 32 26 24
Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 122.5 123.8 122.9 120.0 113.8 112.7 117.3 119.6 134.3 136.3 131.1 125.2
*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2012 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 2,241 2,199 2,319 2,132 2,787 2,577 2,524 2,830 2,676 2,919 2,810 3,048
Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 27 27 22 24 24 22 23 25 22 25 24 25
Worse off 31 31 35 32 36 38 36 34 34 31 30 31
Question Difference -4 -4 -13 -8 -12 -16 -13 -9 -12 -6 -6 -6
Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 40 37 34 35 33 34 34 40 32 35 35 34
Worse off 13 14 18 18 18 19 17 14 16 15 14 15
Question Difference 27 23 16 17 15 15 17 26 16 20 21 19
Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 61 59 57 59 53 54 57 62 58 59 62 61
Bad times 39 41 43 41 47 46 43 38 42 41 37 39
Question Difference 22 18 14 18 6 8 14 24 16 18 25 22
Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 69 67 65 65 62 61 64 68 64 66 68 66
Bad times 30 33 35 35 38 39 36 32 36 34 32 33
Question Difference 39 34 30 30 24 22 28 36 28 32 36 33
Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 55 56 49 52 48 49 51 55 49 53 54 53
Bad time to invest 45 44 51 48 52 51 49 44 51 47 46 47
Question Difference 10 12 -2 4 -4 -2 2 11 -2 6 8 6
Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 118.7 116.6 108.9 112.2 105.8 105.4 109.6 117.6 109.3 114.0 116.8 114.8
*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.


Results for Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating* for component questions are as follows:
2010-2011 Dec
(2010)		 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Interviews 1,364 1,111 1,006 1,157 1,230 1,131 1,097 1,169 2,750 2,086 1,894 1,832 1,821
Q1 Would you say the business is better off financially or worse off than it was at this time last year?
Better off 35 38 36 37 37 36 28 32 24 28 26 27 28
Worse off 33 27 33 32 33 37 40 43 39 38 36 32 32
Question Difference 2 0 3 5 4 -1 -12 -11 -15 -10 -10 -5 -4
Q2 This time next year, do you expect the business to be better off financially or worse off than it is now?
Better off 51 54 55 53 54 48 38 38 34 39 40 36 40
Worse off 15 10 12 11 13 18 16 25 20 15 15 15 14
Question Difference 36 44 43 42 41 30 22 13 14 24 25 21 26
Q3 Thinking of economic conditions in Australia as a whole. In the next 12 months, do you expect we'll have good times financially or bad times?
Good times 70 64 63 65 64 59 49 42 47 51 55 60 59
Bad times 29 36 37 35 36 41 50 57 53 49 45 40 41
Question Difference 41 28 26 30 28 18 -1 -15 -6 2 10 20 18
Q4 Looking ahead, what would you say is more likely? That in Australia as a whole, we'll have continuous good times during the next five years or so, or we'll have bad times?
Good times 74 71 74 74 70 66 63 57 58 61 65 66 67
Bad times 26 29 26 26 30 34 37 43 42 38 35 34 33
Question Difference 48 42 48 48 40 32 26 14 16 23 30 32 34
Q5 Will the next 12 months be a good time to invest in growing the business or a bad time?
Good time to invest 65 70 63 64 64 59 52 49 50 51 54 55 56
Bad time to invest 35 30 36 36 36 41 48 51 50 49 46 45 44
Question Difference 30 40 27 28 28 18 4 -2 0 2 8 10 12
Monthly Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating 131.5 132.9 129.5 130.5 128.2 119.5 107.8 99.8 101.8 108.1 112.6 115.7 117.2
*The Roy Morgan Business Confidence Rating is 100.0 plus the simple unweighted average of the difference between the percentage of respondents who give a favourable and those who give unfavourable answers to five key questions.